Pancake Customs

Pancakes have a long tradition in England with the celebration of Shrovetide. The fried cake was made as early as the 13th century. This article discusses some of the rural traditions of "Pancake Day."

Submitted By Rain

This Day In History - September 4 - The French Fifth Republic

With France in crises, Charles De Gaulle took over the leadership and proposed a new constitution to provide stability. The constitution was approved and the Fifth Republic of France commenced.

Submitted By Wondo

This Day In History - September 1 - The Cod War

The Cod War between Iceland and Great Britain occurred over a period of two months in 1958, commencing on September 1 of that year. It presaged two more dissagreements which took place over the next twenty years as the two nations bickered over fishing rights.

Submitted By Wondo

Trade in England, Early Middle Ages

This article concerns the evolution of trade in the England of the middle ages. It discusses the village markets, the annual fairs and the beginnings of foreign trade from Europe.

Submitted By Rain

The Scottish Enlightenment: How A Poor Nation Became an Intellectual Powerhouse

Scotland´s rise from a poor, subjugated, and small nation became one of Europe´s intellectual superpowers. This Scottish Enlightenment was critical in the development of modern science, secular philosophy, economics, and eventually, the industrial revolution.

Submitted By Barclay Rodgers

The Controversial Berlin Games of 1936.

This 1000+ article explains the background to the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games which the Nazi Party hoped would show off the Third Reich to the rest of the world.It also essays Adolf Hitler´s resentment of the medal winning performances of black Americans,and in particular the four gold medals won by the sprinter Jesse Owens. The career of the German film maker Leni Riefenstahl is also examined.

Submitted By Libera